"Hey Siri, how's my hair?"
Your smartphone may soon be able to give you an honest answer, thanks to a new machine learning algorithm designed by engineering researchers at the University of Toronto. The researchers trained their algorithm to identify people's hair in photographs—a much more challenging task for computers than it is for humans.
The team designed an algorithm that learns directly from human instructions, rather than an existing set of examples, and outperformed conventional methods of training neural networks by 160 percent.
More surprisingly, their algorithm also outperformed its own training by nine percent—it learned to recognize hair in pictures with greater reliability than that enabled by the training, marking a significant leap forward for artificial intelligence.
"Our algorithm learned to correctly classify difficult, borderline cases—distinguishing the texture of hair versus the texture of the background," said researcher Parham Aarabi. "What we saw was like a teacher instructing a child, and the child learning beyond what the teacher taught her initially."
Normally, humans "teach" neural networks by providing a set of labeled data and asking the neural network to make decisions based on the samples it's seen. For example, you could train a neural network to identify sky in a photograph by showing it hundreds of pictures with the sky labeled.
This algorithm is different: it learns directly from human trainers. With this model, called heuristic training, humans provide direct instructions that are used to pre-classify training samples rather than a set of fixed examples. Trainers program the algorithm with guidelines such as "Sky is likely to be varying shades of blue," and "Pixels near the top of the image are more likely to be sky than pixels at the bottom."
Their work is published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems.
This heuristic training approach holds considerable promise for addressing one of the biggest challenges for neural networks: making correct classifications of previously unknown or unlabeled data. This is crucial for applying machine learning to new situations, such as correctly identifying cancerous tissues for medical diagnostics or classifying all the objects surrounding and approaching a self-driving car.
"Applying heuristic training to hair segmentation is just a start," said researcher Wenzhi Guo. "We're keen to apply our method to other fields and a range of applications, from medicine to transportation."
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