In 1849, the Austrian army got the clever idea of putting bombs in unpiloted balloons and using them as a means of warfare; ever since then, drone technology has only gotten better.
Today, drones are used for a staggeringly diverse number of applications, with every indication that they’ll become more ubiquitous and capable as time goes on.
What is a Drone?
All of the equipment needed to operate a drone—including external flight controllers, ground stations and the drone itself—can together be referred to as an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). Exactly what’s included in a UAS, and how much external control is required, depends on the specific application.
So what are the applications of drone technology?
Let’s start at the same place as the Austrians in 1849: with drones of war.
Attack of the Drones
One use of military drones is to remotely launch weapons. Drones equipped with ordnance such as bombs or missiles are sometimes called Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs), and the use of UCAVs to destroy targets (including vehicles, buildings, and, well, people) is called a drone strike. These strikes are a tactic employed primarily (and with mixed public opinion) by the United States, although several other countries also have operational UCAVs.
But military drones aren’t just weapons of destruction. There’s plenty of engineering effort going into designing advanced non-combat UAVs, for tasks such as reconnaissance, surveillance and support. Take, for example, the Aerial Reconfigurable Embedded System (ARES) from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). ARES is designed for vertical take-off and landing (or VTOL, which means no runway required) using twin propellers that can rotate after take-off. Perhaps the coolest part of ARES is that it allows for interchangeable payloads, essentially making it a pair of wings on demand. Here’s a concept video from Lockheed Martin, which is manufacturing the prototype:
Did I say far-fetched? I meant badass.
There’s even an upcoming drone demolition derby called DroneClash to help test and refine anti-drone technology. Drones in this derby will battle other drones as well as different anti-drone instruments, with teams competing to be the last drone flying (and if that sounds like fun to you, registration is still open).
A Drone of Your Own
Some drone pilots use first-person view (FPV) goggles to see everything their drone sees, making drone-flying like a real-life video game. Naturally, this has inspired an entire sport of drone racing, complete with its own governing bodies and world cups. This hobby is becoming increasingly accessible; for instance, in 2016, drone manufacturer DJI opened a purpose-built drone arena in South Korea, where interested pilots can learn the ropes and hone their flying skills.
For consumers who want more complex drone designs, but don’t have the know-how to build them from scratch, MIT researchers recently developed a possible solution. Hobbyist drone builders simply input the specs they’d like their (multicopter) UAV to achieve, and the MIT system takes care of the hard calculations, enabling non-standard designs like a five-rotor pentacopter.
Even consumers with no interest in operating their own drones can benefit from the technology. Take Amazon Prime Air, an Amazon program currently in development. Prime Air will use drones to deliver Amazon packages to customers in thirty minutes or less, making online shopping as immediately gratifying as brick-and-mortar.
Other UAV Applications
Take agriculture, for starters. Since the earliest days of human civilization, we’ve been refining and improving our farming techniques. Drones are simply the latest agricultural innovation—equipped with infrared and other sensors, they can image fields to collect valuable crop data, or spray crops with fertilizers and pesticides. Drones have already been proven to significantly increase crop yields and mitigate crop losses, so don’t be surprised to see more and more drones working the fields in the near future.
In a similar vein, drone imaging is immensely useful for construction purposes. Drones can capture the necessary data to create detailed 3D models of construction sites, enabling massive time savings compared to traditional surveying, as well as increased site safety and easier planning capabilities. As with agricultural drones, this isn’t a far-out future concept—construction drones are being used right now, and are projected to be the largest use case for commercial drones in the immediate future.
As it turns out, having autonomous eyes in the sky is also incredibly useful for battling wildfires. Equipped with thermal and wind sensors, a fleet of drones can be used to monitor fires and coordinate response teams. "Drones can be a huge advantage to agencies fighting natural disasters," said Grant Imahara of Project First Responders. "They can launch immediately, gather vital data about an emergency situation and help efficiently relay that information to all agencies involved, all without putting further lives at risk."
The more you think outside the box of what a drone can be, the more applications open up. For example, Japanese drone manufacture PRODRONE has developed a drone that can cling to and crawl along surfaces. With its unique L-shaped airframe, this drone can adhere to both vertical and horizontal surfaces (such as bridges or other infrastructure) and roll itself along, inspecting the surface for damage as it goes.
Another innovative UAV from PRODRONE is equipped with a set of robotic arms that can grab and transport objects weighing up to 10 kg (22 lbs). Along with delivering cargo, such a drone could be sent into dangerous areas to retrieve hazardous materials, or be used in rescue operations like dropping a lifebuoy to a drowning person.
The Future of Drone Technology
It’s easy to extrapolate from current drone technology to envision a future where UAVs of all types—military, commercial, industrial, agricultural, firefighting, delivery, racing, photography, etc.—are a ubiquitous tool. But what else lies ahead for drones?
Here’s one likelihood: miniaturization. Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) are an active area of study, with many designs taking inspiration from birds and insects. Consider DARPA’s Nano Air Vehicle (NAV) program, which resulted in a functional hummingbird-inspired drone appropriately called the Nano Hummingbird. Equipped with a camera, this drone weighs only 19 grams and has a wingspan of 160 mm, making it smaller than some actual hummingbirds.
Whatever the pace of progress, drones are definitely here to stay.
What are your predictions for the future of drones? Leave your thoughts in the comments below.