Allegiant Stadium is known as the Death Star to endearing fans of the Raiders NFL team, and rightfully so. The stadium is a massive, futuristic landmark on the Las Vegas skyline. Despite its futuristic design, the home of the Raiders stays true to the history of the football team with a memorial to its beloved coach and general manager, the late Al Davis.

The Al Davis memorial was part of the plan for the Raiders’ home in Vegas for some time, but it wasn’t until the team at Dimensional Innovations (DI) started on the design that things really took off.

The Al Davis Memorial sits at the south end of Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas. (Photo credit: Dimensional Innovations).

A Massive Memorial

While the headline of “world’s largest” tends to get attention, it doesn’t give the enormity of this sculpture enough credit. The Al Davis memorial is 93 feet tall and is composed of 226 3D-printed subcomponents, each individually weighing on average 350 pounds. There are 5,580 printed layers of material (23 cubic yards) and the printed material cumulatively weighs 83,000 pounds installed.

It’s a massive structure.

When presented with the initial render, the team at DI knew that the size and shape of this structure would require some special engineering and structural calculations. While it wasn’t the most intuitive choice, the team landed on 3D printing as the solution to creating this massive piece of art.

The Al Davis Memorial isn’t just 3D printed, though. The upper 60 percent of the torch is clad in 1,148 unique aluminum panels, each custom machined to create a perfect symmetry for the tower. Altogether, assembled with the 3D-printed structure and aluminum exterior, the structure weighs 101,228 pounds.

The Al Davis Memorial has a structure made out of 3D-printed parts. The upper portion is covered with precision-cut aluminum panels. (Photo credit: Dimensional Innovations.)

Why 3D Printing?

While additive manufacturing has gained in popularity and made advances in technical capabilities, most engineers and architects immediately wonder why 3D printing would be chosen for such a structure. Many might even think it was more of a marketing gimmick than a necessary fabrication method.

In fact, the engineering team at DI decided to use additive technologies because they made the most structural and economic sense.

“When we were approached about bringing the torch to life, there were certain constraints we had to work against (budget, appearance, weight, height and timeline),” said Brandon Wood, Innovation Lab manager. “After exhausting nearly every method of design and engineering, we determined that traditional building solutions wouldn’t work. That’s when we considered additive manufacturing as an alternative.”

Using additive technologies and in-house developed techniques, the engineering team used 23 cubic yards of material to create the structure. (Photo credit: Dimensional Innovations.)

3D printing allowed the team to meet all its requirements, including being rated for fire resistance. That’s why they worked with Thermwood in Dale, Ind. to purchase one of the largest 3D printers in North America. Thermwood’s Large Scale Additive Manufacturing (LSAM) machines are designed to print using reinforced thermoplastic composite materials.

“After rigorous software development to get the machine to create something it wasn’t designed to create, we got to work building two of the massive printed parts every day,” Wood explained.

The massive 3D-printed parts for the Al Davis Memorial were created two at a time inside one of the largest 3D printers in North America. (Photo credit: Dimensional Innovations.)

“The material choice was a critical one,” said Jared Nelson, senior design engineer at DI. “At first, we wanted to use ABS/CF because it was proven by testing and parts made by our machine OEM. ABS prints easier and is also less expensive than the material we ended up with, which is Polycarbonate reinforced with 20% Carbon Fiber by weight. ABS was eliminated because of the fire code requirements of Clark County, Nevada.”

Regardless of material, one of the challenges was staying within an ideal print temperature window due to the sheer size of the parts being produced. Just like delamination that can occur with more common-size 3D printers, a part that is too large or a print speed that is too slow can lead to layer times being too long—causing poor part strength due to layer adherence. On the opposite end of the spectrum, a part that is too small or a travel that is too fast could result in layer times being too short, resulting in sagging geometry or, in the case of LSAM, sending the machine into “hot hold.”

Ben Hansen, research and development engineer, explained, “At the time, almost all the parts being made using this new, large-scale style of FDM were either purely experimental or were more geared towards tooling. In other words, the final printed part would be the form or mold from which final parts would be made using more traditional methods.”

This is where the learning curve came in.

Making Parts Like Never Before

While the printing process was fused deposition modeling (FDM), there was an array of challenges to navigate because of the sheer size of the parts. The DI team had plenty of experience using additive manufacturing, but large-scale FDM was a different animal. The engineers compared the challenge to scaling a dragonfly—if that insect were suddenly the size of a Boeing 747, it wouldn’t be able to stand. There are elements of FDM printing that work differently when the wall thickness is two inches instead of two millimeters.

Hansen explained, “The knowledge gap was bridged with pure R&D. Just print a test part, make process changes, and repeat until you understand what it’s going to take to be successful.”

This rinse-and-repeat process proved successful for the DI team. So much so that they were adamant in concluding that the sunk cost fallacy really is a fallacy. “More often than not, you need to start over several times in order to truly achieve the best possible result, instead of something mediocre,” said Hansen.

The Al Davis Memorial stands 93 feet tall and boasts a piano black finish where the 3D-printed components are exposed. (Photo credit: Dimensional Innovations.)

“The printed parts were not only the actual finished product but all the mechanical structure and a large portion of the surface finish of the overall final form,” Hansen said. “The entire area of the torch that looks piano black from a distance actually expresses the grain direction of the carbon fibers in each individual printed layer when you look close.”

The crew at DI took great care in ensuring that the fiber orientation was uniform. To achieve such a finish, the final surface had to land within a specific region of the near net shape print, and then they machined the rest away.

For example, if a part warps or is fixtured incorrectly, it can run the risk of exposing an area with a dissimilar fiber orientation when it is machined. While it might not seem like a big issue, the fiber orientation is what keeps the parts looking uniform, which was essential for their final construction. In other words, exposing dissimilar fiber orientations loses the effect of a monolithic structure.

The team at DI was so strict on this specification that every layer that you can see on the structure is in fact the first bit of material that was laid down by the printer. Since they were working with a machining process as a secondary operation, they programmed the printer to create that first layer with a single stroke across each part and then set up starts/stops and acceleration/deceleration in areas that would be machined away.

Not only was the memorial challenging to engineer, but the DI team also needed to transport the pieces and reassemble them perfectly in Las Vegas. (Photo credit: Dimensional Innovation.)

In fact, each finished subcomponent had a ±0.005" tolerance. At the scale that this structure was created, small errors can add up quickly. Hansen said, “When you’re building a layer of 16 subcomponents perfectly mated together, and the last one that goes in has to essentially meet back up to the exact point at which you started, things can get pretty dicey.”

In addition to creating a structure in a way that had never been done before, the DI team was constantly navigating other challenges, like fixturing for installation and calculating the logistics of moving hundreds of massive 3D-printed parts from its facility in Kansas City to Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas.

Since the surface finish was so important for this build, DI developed custom fixtures and tools to prevent anything from touching critical surfaces. Mechanical rigs were used to adjust the angle of the 350-pound parts while they were hanging from the crane for placement. The team even invented a joinery method that provided a zero-tolerance fit between parts on the horizontal seams.

“Almost every traditional fabrication method had to be adapted in some way to meet the constraints of, as well as capitalize on the benefits of, additive manufacturing,” said Hansen.

(Photo credit: Dimensional Innovation.)

After reworking and reinventing the methods of construction, the DI team realized that the best advice they could give to any engineer is: Don’t fall victim to the Dunning-Kruger effect. Using 3D printing and machining to fabricate a massive sculpture was innovative, but if they had approached the challenge in a traditional way, the project could have been a failure.

Instead, the world’s largest 3D-printed structure now stands tall on the south end of Allegiant Stadium, proudly honoring Al Davis, but also honoring the feats of tireless engineers who developed new ways to bring the memorial to life.