The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is not occurring smoothly, largely because EV makers cannot produce vehicles with a price and performance that are comparable to traditional vehicles. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to disrupt supply chains, auto manufacturers can address competition with innovation and collaboration.

Hexagon’s 2022 E-Mobility Report focuses on how EV makers can simplify designs and improve the manufacturing process. The report explains the tools manufacturers need to work toward the Glasgow Climate Pact’s goal of all new cars and vans sold being emission free by 2040. The report covers:

• The scarcity of raw materials
• The promise of smart manufacturing
• Hydrogen’s role in EVs

Data was gathered from interviews with 416 respondents in the auto industry who work for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or Tier 1, 2 or 3 suppliers.

The scarcity of metals such as cobalt and lithium presents a problem for EV production. Consumer electronics producers such as Foxconn are also interested in the materials. All manufacturers use the metals for batteries. Yet car batteries require a greater amount of the metals than smaller devices such as smartphones and laptops.

The report’s focus on batteries is a reminder that historically, batteries have been the most expensive component of the average EV (and remain the most expensive part). Auto manufacturers have addressed this by investing more in batteries than in any other component.

Of the survey’s respondents, 56 percent said that the lack of alternatives to metals for batteries is the leading obstacle to achieving more sustainable EVs. Manufacturers are now looking to design batteries that can be reused, recycled and repurposed.

“Hot-swappable” batteries can be safely removed from and installed into an EV without shutting down the vehicle’s computer. Such batteries may be key to addressing concerns about refueling speed and battery degradation. The establishment of universal, trustworthy recycling practices could create a “circular economy” of batteries, reducing the need for raw materials.

Hexagon’s report adds that auto manufacturers are also working on software and hardware to monitor battery health. Creating products that detect faults in batteries and predict the end of a battery’s life have the potential to further cut waste.

Smart manufacturing is one key to improving EVs, especially with consumers demanding that EV manufacturing become more sustainable. The practices of smart manufacturing help automakers visualize, validate and connect the parts of an EV before the first physical prototype is built. This means that the prototypes are as well-tested as possible and limit waste.

One of the issues with the report is that Hexagon’s definition of “smart manufacturing” seems to be overly expansive. The term can mean a reliance on sensors, which Hexagon produces, to determine the placement and completeness of parts on the manufacturing line. It can mean the use of software simulation suites to test virtual models. It can also mean the collection and analysis of design data.

The aim of the all-inclusive approach removes any limitations. It encourages the understanding that when all the smart manufacturing practices are undertaken together, an auto manufacturer can reduce the amount of labor, materials and time to build an EV.

Manufacturers could lower EV costs by $5,700 to $7,100 through design simplification alone, according to independent analysis from McKinsey & Company, a management consulting firm based in New York.

Even though smart manufacturing will benefit EV production, there are barriers to achieving it. Forty percent of respondents said the concern that new platform-based designs require new manufacturing methods, machinery and training is the greatest challenge for EV development and manufacturing.

Paolo Guglielmini, president of Hexagon’s Manufacturing Intelligence division, indicates that competition plays a role in improving the manufacturing process. He says, “The winners will be those that can compress development into a single, fast and efficient process so that each part is created in combination with all the others.”

Achieving the full potential of smart manufacturing will require engineers with skills in:

• Cybersecurity
• Machine learning (ML)
• Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)—the systems that power autonomous vehicles

Of the survey’s respondents, 33 percent said the second biggest concern for smart manufacturing is the lack of universal standards for design and engineering, testing and production. There is the potential to accomplish more if companies communicate more internally, between divisions, and externally, to the extent that the market allows. Eventually, mergers and collaborations could speed the adoption of universal standards. These changes may help automakers find more funding to address common issues like noise.

Hexagon’s report suggests that as automakers become better versed in smart manufacturing, they will find they have opened markets in secondary sales and battery services. Since EVs have fewer parts than traditional vehicles, they experience less part wear or require fewer part replacements than traditional vehicles. EVs have the potential to generate less waste or produce waste that is less harmful than traditional vehicles. The “greening” allowed by smart manufacturing could attract additional consumers.

With automakers seeing low demand for EVs, hydrogen fuel cells may be the key to filling in the performance gaps between EVs and traditional vehicles. Several automakers, including Renault and Toyota, are seeking to design commercial hydrogen fleets for heavy-duty, long-range transport. These vehicles could demonstrate to consumers that EVs are durable and worth the investment.

Among those surveyed, 55 percent said that hydrogen fuel cells are an essential component of future transport. One of the benefits of hydrogen is that it can be stored in refueling stations. This allows consumers to have 24-hour on-demand refueling independent of gas stations. The energy grid to support hydrogen production is already being built, with 320 green hydrogen production demonstration projects underway.

Yet hydrogen vehicle development lags behind that of EV batteries. The process has issues related to safety, especially the risk of gas explosions, high costs, and hydrogen infrastructure. It typically costs three to five times more to produce a fuel cell EV than a battery EV. Just as with battery EVs, hydrogen-powered cars need to be slimmed down, in terms of their weight and use of materials.

Smart manufacturing offers solutions for hydrogen vehicle development. Digitally simulating design, production, testing and inspection allows auto manufacturers to “bake in” safety and sustainability at every stage of production. Digital twins that predict the behavior and safety of structures such as a metal hydrogen tank allow manufacturers to understand how hydrogen-powered vehicles will behave under real-world conditions.

As automakers remain motivated to continue EV development and production, they have two areas of focus:

• adopting smart manufacturing procedures
• investing in software, batteries and electronics that cut costs and improve performance

Automakers are frustrated by their inability to negotiate lower prices for components like batteries from suppliers. Hexagon’s report recognizes that outsourcing the production of new car components from overseas nonautomotive suppliers is a problem. The report urges automakers to consider in-house production of such components. It also urges these companies to understand that collaboration may be required to achieve that goal.

The most important takeaway from Hexagon’s report is that reaching global objectives for EV adoption requires a different mindset. Automakers need to meet consumers’ demands by thinking in a more cooperative manner about manufacturing vehicles, training the engineers, and addressing problems like range.

As automakers try to adhere to different time lines regarding the reduction of carbon emissions, they must pay attention to consumers’ shifting expectations. One question is how automakers can retain the interest of consumers who are experiencing pandemic-related inflation for almost every purchase, from real estate to food.

Respondents said they do not expect EVs to have prices similar to traditional vehicles until between 2026 and 2028. One way that EV manufacturers could attract consumers would be to make pledges regarding “transport equality,” defined as equal access to EVs for consumers in different income brackets.

The 2022 Hexagon E-Mobility Report contains more information than what is summarized in this article, including additional survey results and case studies of the EU-funded ODIN project and notes on the UK-funded project Rubicon. Both are projects focused on increasing the capabilities of powertrains for EVs. Check out the new report here.